Healthcare

Maree Eisma is a mental health social worker who has an expertise in dealing with children who are experiencing school refusal.

School refusal usually presents with an escalating school reluctance before frank refusal occurs. Behaviours can include repeated sick bay attendances or multiple but intermittent absences due to various illness presentations.

I like to classify the presentation of school refusal according to primary, secondary or tertiary gain.

Primary gain refers to the intrinsic benefit of the sick role. In the context of school refusal, it suggests that the child who presents with an illness benefits from being sick in terms of care giver attention. This may be an issue of care givers are very busy or otherwise emotionally distant.

Secondary gain refers to a secondary benefit that the sick child enjoys, which in the context of school refusal may indicate a desire to escape from bullying, a test or other academic pressure or sometimes merely the overstimulation that may occur in a busy school yard.

Tertiary gain refers to the benefit that the care giver may derive from a child’s illness behaviour triggering school refusal. Divorce, separation, or other sources of parental disharmony can perpetuate this.

Underlying the phenomenon of primary gain is the concept of somatisation, i.e. the manifestation of medically unexplained symptoms that are not consciously feigned.

It can be challenging from a. medical perspective to distinguish organic pathology from somatisation, but the distinction needs to be made to prevent harm to the patient in terms of unnecessary tests and treatments.

Further to the diagnostic dilemma it is also important to approach the management of the problem from a socio-psycho-biomedical model of care. it is not sufficient simply to advise parents to “Just make their child attend school”.

In a similar vein I remember telling the parents of a young child who was refusing to swallow antibiotics to “just make the child take the medicine”.

Graded exposure can be used to help children re-integrate back into school. This process relies on a patient and gradual exploration of a child’s situational anxiety and providing coping mechanisms to deal with situations as they arise. It is important that both parents and the school be closely consulted and involved in this treatment.

Watch this discussion on MedHeads

Exercise is for all

‘Exercise not only improves our well-being as we get older, but it can also potentially reduce our biological age by 8.8 years!’

In this episode of Lifestyle Matters, we review the importance of exercise as we get older and briefly touch on the significance of exercise in people with disabilities.

Exercise and individuals above the age of 65:

It is common knowledge that exercise is important for our well-being, but many retirees wonder why they need to exercise after slogging it out for years. I frequently hear retirees ask rhetorically, ” Is this not the leisurely part of life?”.

Indeed, it is true that life in retirement is meant to be leisurely but to reap the benefits of those years and truly enjoy ourselves, the body needs to be physically fit. Exercise has been shown to increase life expectancy. Our DNA strands are protected by telomeres. Telomeres shorten as we get older due to fraying. However, it appears that exercise can in fact lengthen these telomeres which translates to a biological age of up to 8.8 years younger.

First, let us understand the effects of ageing. Some of these effects or changes are inevitable due to the physiological changes that happen in our bodies as we age.

Some of the changes include:

• Sarcopenia i.e. progressive loss of muscle bulk

• Osteopenia i.e. progressive loss of bone density

• Reduced joint flexibility & mobility

• Reduced cardiorespiratory reserve

• Reduced balance and coordination

• Increased susceptibility to mood disorders – multifactorial

However, these can be slowed down with exercise!

“The recommended guideline for individuals above the age of 65 years is 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per day on most days or, if feasible, all days. Include the different types of exercises as listed below if possible”

Each exercise category listed below has its own benefit for example, resistance training helps improve bone density and muscle mass whereas aerobic training increases our cardiorespiratory fitness.

Hence try incorporate 1 from each group:

• •Aerobic Training: walking, jogging, swimming, golfing (without the use of a golf cart, of course)

• Resistance Exercise: push-ups on the wall, climbing stairs, lifting groceries / grandkids, ½ squats holding the back of a chair, wall-sits etc

• Stretch / flexibility: Tai Chi ( my favourite as it also improves balance, coordination and cognition), heel raises, hamstring stretches

• Balance: One legged stand- start off with holding on a chair / table, step ups

Consulting an Exercise Physiologist is especially important if one has any physical or medical limitations. Safety is paramount hence I would recommend the use any hearing / visual aids if needed. You must also ensure adequate lighting is available and always use comfortable clothes and supportive shoes to make the exercise more enjoyable and effective.

Exercise and disability

¾ of people with a disability do not meet current guidelines. These guidelines are the same as the age-matched guidelines and should be modified based on a person’s disability. It is extremely important for this to occur as disabilities can come with their own set of cardiorespiratory/metabolic/bone/muscular/joint complications and to decelerate these, exercise can be a huge value added.

Once again, an Exercise Physiologist can be accessed through a variety of systems and one of the easiest ways to do so in Australia is through the National Disability Support Scheme (NDIS)

Apart from all the above benefits, exercise not only increases the likelihood of us getting some sunshine and fresh air, but it also provides us opportunities to increase our social network.

In this episode of Lifestyle Matters, we discuss tools to use when choosing a diet and what a weight loss plateau is.

Over the upcoming weeks, we will be reviewing the various diets that are out there from a medical perspective.

 The purpose of today’s blog is to introduce how beneficial diets can be to our lives when chosen correctly. However, the first dilemma most face is: “How do I choose the right diet?!!” We hear you; it really is quite overwhelming to find that there are over 100 diets out there! So many of these diets are ‘in trend’ and promoted all over social media. For example, just because the Ornish diet worked well for Bill Clinton, it does not necessarily mean it will work for all.

 So, how do we choose a diet? The most important factor is sustainability. Some can follow a rigorous calorie restricted diet to lose weight, but this is rarely sustainable.

Other factors that we should look at when choosing a diet so that it is sustainable includes:

• Cultural factors – it can be hard to make a change if rice / pasta is a staple in our diet

• Social and family support – it is always easier when our social circle is supportive of our choices

• Lifestyle – e.g. work type / hours which can impact our ability to meal prep thus requiring us to become more creative

• Budget – making smart choices when buying fresh foods as some can be more expensive

• Underlying medical conditions – may restrict or advocate certain foods Nutrigenomics

When we follow a diet, calorie restriction is only inevitable which then results in weight loss. However, a weight loss plateau can occur over 6-12 months. One of the potential causes for this is the reduction of our basal metabolic rate when we reduce our calorie consumption. A 10% reduction in calorie intake can result in up to a reduction of about 12 % in basal metabolic rate! This happens as our bodies adapt to the reduced calorie intake.

 So, if we continue to consume the same number of calories with a reduced basal metabolic rate, our weight will naturally remain static or increase. Many people tend to perceive this stagnation or increase in weight as a failure on their part which is incorrect. This phase can be overcome with some simple changes and a positive mindset which include:

• Increase or change exercise intensity / style

• Increase Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis e.g. park the car further from the shops, take the stairs instead of the lift etc.)

• Make a caloric reduction in diet

• Increase water consumption

• Re- look at our stress level

• Ensure we get the recommended 7-9 hours of sleep

There are many studies demonstrating the benefits of a whole foods plant-based diet for our health. Furthermore, processed red meat has also been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organisation. Red meat is a Group 2a carcinogen which means it probably increases the chances of cancer in general especially bowel cancer.

 As GP Lifestyle Medicine Practitioners, we advocate eating whole foods that are predominantly plant-based, for a variety of health and environmental reasons.

In this episode of Lifestyle Matters.

Can the Mediterranean diet truly help reduce our risk of cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative and cancer related diseases? Does it truly live up to all its glory?’

This week, we focus on what the Mediterranean diet is and the evidence behind some of its benefits.

The ‘true’ form of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is very different from what we know of it today. The classical form of a MedDiet is a whole- foods plant based diet rich in MUFAs and PUFAs, legumes, beans and wholegrains with moderate consumption of red wine with little saturated fat.
(The Australian Guidelines recommend no more than 4 standard drinks / day, capped at 10 standard drinks / week)

The food pyramid below gives us a general overview on the diet:

This diet was popularised in the 60s by Ancel Keys who conducted the Seven Countries Study in which he studied lifestyle factors that affect our risk of developing heart disease.

He demonstrated that hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes are undoubtedly risk factors for heart disease. In the same study he also discovered that a diet high in fibre, MUFAs and PUFAs along with low sugar intake i.e < 25gram / day can reduce risk of heart disease and all-cause mortality. This is exactly what the MedDiet is all about.

Other studies, including the Lyons Diet Heart Study, looked at the protective effect of the MedDiet which demonstrated protective heart effects of the diet such as a 73% relative risk reduction for fatal and non-fatal heart attacks , 70% relative risk reduction for overall cause mortality , and significant risk reductions in developing clots in the lungs and legs.

The Predimed Study was another study showing a possible link between high consumption Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) and risk of breast cancer reduction. Both olive oil polyphenols and Oleuropin have been implicated in this.

Other potential benefits that have been investigated and demonstrated through various studies include:

• A 50% lower risk of all-cause cancer mortality in certain cancers including prostate, colorectal, head and neck cancers, gastric and pancreatic cancer

• Reduction in neurocognitive disorders such as dementia, Alzheimers Disease

• Improve diabetes control – Hba1c reduced from 0.1-0.6% almost comparable to some pharmacological interventions

• Reduction in the risk of progression to Metabolic Syndrome

• Weight loss

Our awareness of the benefits we can gain from the MedDiet are increasing. This coupled with the fact that it is certainly not a difficult diet to follow, makes this diet quite favourable.