Syphilis: The 4 Stages, Symptoms, Risks & Effective Treatments
Key Facts
Most syphilis infections are asymptomatic or go unrecognized.
In 2022, the WHO estimated 8 million new syphilis infections among adults aged 15–49.
Untreated syphilis during pregnancy can result in 50–80% of adverse birth outcomes.
Gay and bisexual men are among the most affected populations globally.
What Is Syphilis?
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It’s known for progressing through four distinct stages—each with its own symptoms and health risks. Although syphilis is treatable with antibiotics, delayed or incorrect treatment can lead to severe complications, including death.
How Syphilis Is Transmitted
Syphilis spreads through direct contact with syphilitic sores, which typically appear on the genitals, anus, lips, or mouth. Transmission occurs primarily through vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and the infection can also be passed from pregnant individuals to their babies, resulting in congenital syphilis.
Common Transmission Routes:
Sexual contact with an infected person (vaginal, anal, or oral)
Skin-to-skin contact with open syphilitic sores
Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth
Who’s at Higher Risk?
Individuals with multiple sexual partners
People who do not use condoms
Those already diagnosed with other STIs
Recognizing the Stages of Syphilis
Syphilis develops in four progressive stages, and symptoms may vary or disappear between phases.
Primary Syphilis
A single, painless sore (chancre) appears at the infection site
Typically heals in 3–6 weeks, but infection remains
The chancre may go unnoticed, especially if internal
Secondary Syphilis
Appears weeks after the chancre heals
Common symptoms:
Rash (especially on palms or soles)
Swollen lymph nodes
Fever
Sore throat
Patchy hair loss
Fatigue
Highly infectious during this stage
Latent Syphilis
No visible symptoms
Bacteria remain in the body
May last for years
Early latent syphilis (<1 year) is still potentially infectious
Late latent syphilis is typically non-infectious
Tertiary Syphilis
Can develop 10–30 years after infection
Affects organs such as the heart, brain, liver, and eyes
May lead to paralysis, blindness, dementia, or death
What Is Neurosyphilis?
Neurosyphilis is a severe form of the infection where T. pallidum affects the central nervous system. It can occur at any stage of syphilis.
Symptoms of Neurosyphilis:
Headaches and neck stiffness (signs of meningitis)
Muscle weakness or coordination problems (tabes dorsalis)
Stroke-like episodes (meningovascular syphilis)
How to Prevent Syphilis
Protecting yourself and others starts with awareness and proactive prevention.
Tips to Reduce Your Risk:
Use condoms or dental dams during sex
Get regular STI screenings—especially if you have multiple partners
Avoid sex if you or your partner have unexplained sores or rashes
Communicate openly about STI status and sexual health
Engage with public health campaigns and educational resources
Treating Syphilis: What You Need to Know
Syphilis is curable with antibiotics. The type and duration of treatment depend on the stage of infection.
Standard Treatments:
Primary or secondary syphilis: Single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin G
Late latent syphilis: Weekly injections for 3 weeks
Neurosyphilis: IV penicillin for 10–14 days
Penicillin Alternatives:
Doxycycline
Azithromycin
Ceftriaxone (used with caution; effectiveness may vary by stage)
Why Early Diagnosis Is Crucial
If left untreated, syphilis can:
Cause irreversible organ damage
Lead to blindness, paralysis, or mental health decline
Be transmitted to babies during pregnancy
Getting tested early can prevent complications and stop the spread.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How long does it take for syphilis symptoms to appear?
Most people develop symptoms within 3 weeks, but it can take up to 90 days.
Can syphilis go away on its own?
No. Symptoms may fade temporarily, but the infection remains active without proper treatment.
Is syphilis contagious during all stages?
Syphilis is most contagious during the primary and secondary stages. Latent syphilis is less likely to spread, but it can still pose a risk during pregnancy.
Key Takeaways
Syphilis progresses in 4 stages, each with specific symptoms
Early detection and timely antibiotic treatment are essential
Practice safe sex and get tested regularly to reduce your risk
Untreated syphilis can have life-altering consequences
Nattokinase is a powerful enzyme derived from fermented soybeans that has gained attention for its potential benefits in combating spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Research indicates that it may effectively degrade these spike proteins, potentially inhibiting viral entry into human cells. This enzyme not only promotes fibrinolysis but also shows promise in enhancing overall health, thanks to its safety profile. As scientists explore innovative treatments for viral infections, they continue to recognize the significance of nattokinase in health enhancement and disease prevention.
Key Takeaways:
Nattokinase, derived from fermented soybeans, shows potential in degrading the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is vital for viral entry into host cells.
In vitro studies demonstrate that nattokinase’s degradative effect on the spike protein is both dose- and time-dependent.
The enzyme’s activity is confirmed to be enzymatic, as heating deactivates it and protease inhibitors block its function.
Nattokinase’s efficacy extends to degrading spike proteins on the surface of transfected cells, indicating its potential therapeutic role against COVID-19.
As a naturally occurring enzyme with a favorable safety profile, nattokinase presents a promising avenue for research into alternative treatments for viral infections.
Understanding Nattokinase
While many seek natural solutions for health enhancement, nattokinase stands out as an intriguing enzyme derived from fermented soybeans, offering potential benefits particularly in combating spike proteins associated with viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
What is Nattokinase?
Behind its unassuming name lies a powerful enzyme, nattokinase, produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto. This protease has gained attention for its ability to degrade proteins, including the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially aiding in the inhibition of viral entry and infection.
Historical Context and Traditional Uses
Beside its modern applications, nattokinase has deep roots in Japanese culinary traditions, where it has been consumed as natto for centuries. This traditional food is celebrated not just for its unique taste but also for its health benefits, including enhancing cardiovascular health through improved blood circulation.
Understanding the historical context, nattokinase has long been a staple in Japanese diets, valued for its health properties. Traditionally, it is associated with improved blood flow and has been explored for its possible effects on thrombolysis. Recent studies highlight its utility beyond meals, especially in modern health discussions related to COVID-19 and other conditions linked to protein functions.
Bioavailability and Mechanism of Action
To appreciate its effectiveness, one must consider the bioavailability of nattokinase. When ingested, it demonstrates a remarkable ability to degrade harmful proteins, such as those found in viruses, through its enzymatic action that targets specific bonds within protein structures.
Bioavailability of nattokinase is significant, as studies reveal that it retains its activity even after digestion, allowing it to enter the bloodstream effectively. This activity is linked to its structure, which resembles that of serine proteases, facilitating the breakdown of target proteins including the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, showcasing its potential as a therapeutic agent in viral infections.
The Role of Spike Proteins
Now, understanding spike proteins is imperative for grasping how certain viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, enter human cells and cause infections. These proteins facilitate the virus’s binding to host cell receptors, thus playing a pivotal role in viral entry and propagation, making them a key target for therapeutic interventions like nattokinase.
What Are Spike Proteins?
To define spike proteins, they are glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses. They extend from the viral envelope and are critical for the virus’s ability to infect host cells, acting as the primary mechanism for viral attachment to specific receptors.
Origin and Function of Spike Proteins in Viruses
Proteins such as spike proteins are generated during the viral replication process. They enable viruses to attach to host cells and facilitate fusion, allowing their genetic material to enter and hijack the host’s cellular machinery for replication.
In addition, spike proteins are not merely structural components; they dictate the infectivity and virulence of the virus. For SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein interacts with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), promoting viral fusion and entry. Variations in spike protein structure can influence the virus’s ability to evade the immune response, making them a significant focus in vaccine development and treatment strategies, as highlighted by the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lingering Effects of Spike Proteins in the Body
Around the potential consequences of spike proteins persist long after infection. Research indicates that these proteins may lead to lingering symptoms or challenges, contributing to a range of post-viral syndromes in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19.
Proteins such as those from SARS-CoV-2 can leave lasting traces in the body’s immune system, potentially triggering chronic inflammation or autoimmune responses. Evidence suggests that they may interfere with normal cellular functions and contribute to conditions like fatigue, difficulty breathing, and neurological issues, affecting a significant portion of individuals post-infection. Thus, the effects of spike proteins extend beyond immediate infection, necessitating continued research and therapeutic approaches, such as utilizing nattokinase to mitigate their impact on health.
The Degradative Effect of Nattokinase
All evidence points to nattokinase’s significant ability to degrade the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This degradation occurs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as shown in studies where the enzyme reduced spike protein levels in cellular environments, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in combating COVID-19.
Mechanism of Degradation
The degradation mechanism of nattokinase involves its action as a serine protease, targeting the spike protein’s structural components. Research indicates that nattokinase cleaves the S protein, effectively disrupting its function and preventing viral entry into host cells. This enzymatic activity highlights the potential for using nattokinase in therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2.
Even though both subtilisin and other protease inhibitors have some effectiveness in degrading proteins, nattokinase stands out due to its targeted action against SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein. This specific activity is critical for developing treatments aimed at preventing viral entry into cells.
Efficacy in Breaking Down Spike Proteins
Degradation of spike proteins by nattokinase has been demonstrated through various studies, showcasing its potential role in therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. The enzyme has proven to degrade the spike protein effectively, particularly in concentrations and timeframes conducive to its action.
Hence, the data supports that nattokinase may provide a novel pathway for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Its ability to specifically target and degrade the spike protein is especially significant, as it disrupts the virus’s ability to bind to host cells. The use of nattokinase could represent an effective approach to enhance health measures against the ongoing pandemic.
Health Benefits of Nattokinase
Keep in mind that nattokinase offers a range of health benefits, particularly due to its enzyme activity. This natural compound, derived from fermented soybeans, demonstrates significant potential in promoting well-being, especially against ailments related to the cardiovascular system and immune support, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Research indicates that nattokinase may assist in various health conditions, highlighting its role as a beneficial addition to one’s dietary regimen.
Cardiovascular Health
By supporting cardiovascular health, nattokinase has been recognized for its ability to enhance fibrinolysis, which aids in the breakdown of blood clots. This helps maintain healthy blood circulation and reduces the risk of heart-related conditions. Studies show that nattokinase can lower fibrinogen levels, thereby contributing to a healthier cardiovascular system.
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
After evaluating its effects, researchers have noted that nattokinase possesses anti-inflammatory properties that can assist in mitigating inflammation throughout the body. These properties are particularly relevant in the context of respiratory infections, such as those caused by SARS-CoV-2, where inflammation plays a key role in disease severity.
With its ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, nattokinase not only aids in reducing inflammation but also contributes to overall health during infection. This protective mechanism has been observed to be beneficial in conditions characterized by heightened inflammation, supporting the body’s ability to recover and maintain a balanced immune response.
Support for Immune Function
Between their numerous benefits, nattokinase is noted for its capacity to support immune function by enhancing the body’s natural defenses. This is particularly important in combating viral infections, such as those linked with COVID-19, where a robust immune response is important for recovery.
It has been suggested that the enzyme may help in reducing the viral load by breaking down the spike proteins of viruses. This mechanism could potentially empower the immune system to respond more effectively, thereby improving survival rates during viral outbreaks. By promoting an efficient immune response, nattokinase may offer additional benefits, particularly when integrated into an overall health-focused lifestyle.
Recent Studies on Nattokinase and Spike Proteins
All recent studies underscore the potential of nattokinase in mitigating the impact of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Research has demonstrated that nattokinase can degrade the spike protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting it may inhibit viral entry into human cells. These findings pave the way for further exploration of nattokinase as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19.
Overview of Key Research Findings
The studies reveal that nattokinase effectively degrades the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, as demonstrated through in vitro experiments showcasing significant reduction in spike protein levels. Additionally, the enzyme’s stability and activity after protease inhibition bolster its potential application in developing treatments for the virus.
Clinical Trials and Their Implications
Below, current clinical trials indicate promising outcomes for nattokinase as a therapeutic option for COVID-19 patients. Evidence suggests that patients receiving nattokinase treatment experience beneficial changes in their overall health, showcasing enhanced recovery trajectories compared to those who do not receive this enzyme.
But the pathway to full clinical acceptance requires more comprehensive trials to examine the long-term effects and specific mechanisms through which nattokinase operates. As data accumulates, practitioners await confirmation of its efficacy and safety for widespread use.
Emerging Evidence in Long COVID Cases
At present, emerging findings also highlight the potential role of nattokinase in addressing long COVID symptoms. Preliminary research suggests that its enzymatic properties may aid in alleviating lingering effects experienced by some individuals post-infection.
Cases have shown that patients suffering from long COVID experience significant benefits when nattokinase is included in their management plan. This enzyme has exhibited potential in reducing inflammatory markers and enhancing overall recovery, making it a valuable consideration for future therapeutic strategies.
Nattokinase Supplementation
After exploring the benefits of nattokinase, individuals may consider supplementation to support their health. Nattokinase is known for its potential to degrade the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which can influence viral entry into human cells. Incorporating nattokinase supplements into a daily routine may provide additional protective effects against infections, particularly during ongoing viral outbreaks.
Recommended Dosages
Across various studies, typical dosages of nattokinase range from 100 to 300 mg daily. This dosage is believed to optimize its benefits, including enhancement of fibrinolytic activity and potential viral inhibition. Individuals should consult healthcare professionals before starting any supplementation regimen to tailor dosages according to personal health needs.
Forms of Nattokinase Available
With a variety of options on the market, nattokinase is most commonly available in capsule or tablet form, making it convenient for daily use. Some products also come as powders or in combination with other dietary supplements to enhance their effects on cardiovascular and immune health.
Dosages of nattokinase can vary depending on the form and concentration of the product. Capsules and tablets typically contain a set amount per serving, while powders allow for flexible dosing. Individuals are encouraged to check labels to ensure they are receiving effective concentrations of nattokinase while considering any accompanying ingredients that may further support their health goals.
Safety and Potential Side Effects
An important aspect of nattokinase supplementation involves understanding safety and potential side effects. While generally regarded as safe, it is imperative to note that some individuals may experience mild effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort or allergic reactions. They should monitor their health upon starting any new supplement and consult a healthcare provider if any adverse effects occur.
But it is critical that individuals with bleeding disorders or those on anticoagulant medications proceed with caution. Nattokinase can enhance fibrinolytic activity, increasing the risk of bleeding in susceptible individuals. They should prioritize their health by seeking professional guidance to navigate potential interactions and ensure safe usage of nattokinase supplements.
Dietary Sources of Nattokinase
Not everyone realizes that nattokinase can be easily incorporated into their diet through specific foods. This enzyme, renowned for its health benefits, is primarily found in natto, a traditional Japanese dish made from fermented soybeans. By including natto in meals, individuals can enhance their nattokinase intake and potentially support their cardiovascular health.
Fermented Foods and Nattokinase
Between various fermented foods, natto stands out as an exceptional source of nattokinase. The fermentation process, facilitated by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis var. natto, significantly increases the nattokinase content, showcasing how traditional dietary practices can yield potent health benefits, particularly against conditions related to blood clotting.
Foods naturally rich in nattokinase offer more than just the enzyme; they provide additional nutrients and health benefits that synthetic supplements may lack. While supplements can offer a targeted and convenient method for those seeking to increase their intake, a balanced diet incorporating fermented foods like natto may provide a more holistic approach to health.
Incorporating Nattokinase into Your Diet
Among the various ways to incorporate nattokinase into one’s diet, adding natto to meals can be enjoyable and beneficial. Individuals can mix it into salads, rice dishes, or even smoothies to take advantage of its health properties.
This approach not only increases intake of nattokinase but also introduces a traditional food rich in flavor and nutrition. For those hesitant to try natto, various recipes and ways to blend it with familiar foods can help in integrating it seamlessly into their diets, enhancing both taste and health benefits.
Patient Experiences and Testimonials
Once again, many individuals have shared their experiences with nattokinase as a potential ally against the effects of spike proteins. Users report feeling less fatigued and experiencing improved overall well-being, indicating a positive trend in their health journeys. This anecdotal evidence highlights the enzyme’s potential role in health management during and after COVID-19.
Anecdotal Evidence from Users
Across various forums, individuals have recounted their personal journeys with nattokinase, citing noticeable benefits. Many have expressed relief from symptoms associated with COVID-19, such as respiratory issues and fatigue, contributing to a sense of renewed vitality.
Impact on Health and Recovery
Evidence suggests that nattokinase may play a significant role in health recovery for those impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Users have noted enhanced recovery times and a reduction in inflammatory symptoms, reflecting the enzyme’s potential effectiveness in degrading the spike protein responsible for viral entry and infection.
Hence, several studies have indicated that this enzyme not only aids in reducing viral load but also supports overall cardiovascular health, which is crucial for individuals recovering from COVID-19. This dual action may lead to improved health outcomes, allowing patients to regain their strength and vitality effectively.
Personal Stories of Improvement
Evidence shows that personal testimonials emphasize the transformative effects of nattokinase on individuals recovering from COVID-19. Many have reported remarkable improvements in their physical health and reduced hospital visits.
Indeed, personal stories reveal that some individuals experienced significant changes within weeks of incorporating nattokinase into their routines. Notably, users mentioned fewer complications related to blood clotting and improved respiratory function, which can be critical for those affected by the virus’s spike protein effects. The testimonials collectively underscore nattokinase’s potential to enhance health and support recovery during challenging times.
Integrating Nattokinase into Health Regimens
Unlike many traditional supplements, nattokinase has shown promise in promoting health by potentially degrading spike proteins associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This unique enzyme, derived from natto, is increasingly being considered a valuable addition to health regimens aimed at enhancing immune response and reducing the risk of viral infections. With beneficial effects noted in various studies, incorporating nattokinase could contribute to overall wellness.
Combining with Other Nutrients
Before enhancing their diet, individuals should consider combining nattokinase with other nutrients such as vitamins C and D, zinc, and antioxidants, which may support immune function. This synergistic approach could further bolster the body’s defenses against respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
Recommended Lifestyle Changes
Around the inclusion of nattokinase, individuals should also prioritize lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and adequate hydration. These habits not only support overall health but can also enhance the efficacy of nattokinase in promoting well-being.
In addition to incorporating nattokinase, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress through mindfulness practices, and obtaining enough sleep play vital roles in strengthening the immune system. These lifestyle changes foster optimal health and may further help reduce the likelihood of viral infections by improving the body’s responsiveness to health threats.
Consultation with Healthcare Providers
Before integrating nattokinase into their health regimen, individuals should seek guidance from healthcare providers to ensure it complements their unique health needs and conditions. This step is important for personalizing health strategies and avoiding potential interactions with medications.
To ensure safety and appropriate use of nattokinase, individuals are encouraged to discuss their health history and current medications with healthcare providers. This collaborative approach will help to identify any potential contraindications, allowing them to benefit most from the positive effects of nattokinase while minimizing risks associated with its use.
Nattokinase in Context of Other Health Strategies
Despite the increasing interest in nattokinase for its potential health benefits, it is important to consider it alongside other health strategies. Integrating nattokinase within a broader health regimen may enhance its effectiveness, particularly when combined with lifestyle modifications such as a balanced diet and regular exercise. As researchers continue to explore its role in combating SARS-CoV-2, the synergy of various health approaches becomes increasingly important for comprehensive wellness.
Comparison with Other Natural Enzymes
Above are comparisons of nattokinase with other natural enzymes known for their health benefits:
Nattokinase
Produced from Bacillus subtilis, it degrades spike proteins and is known for its anticoagulant properties.
Bromelain
A protease derived from pineapples, effective in reducing inflammation but less specific for viral spike protein.
Papain
Extracted from papayas, offers digestive benefits similarly to bromelain but lacks antiviral properties.
Nattokinase vs. Pharmaceutical Interventions
Natural compounds like nattokinase may offer an alternative approach compared to traditional pharmaceutical interventions. While pharmaceuticals often target symptoms, nattokinase may address underlying mechanisms, such as inhibiting viral entry through spike protein degradation.
Health professionals note that nattokinase’s ability to interact with biological pathways may provide benefits without the adverse effects commonly associated with pharmaceuticals. For instance, its safe human consumption demonstrated in clinical trials supports its use as a potential therapeutic strategy, especially for those hesitant about conventional medications. This attribute is particularly appealing during the search for effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Holistic Approaches to Health and Recovery
About holistic health approaches, they emphasize the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and lifestyle. Incorporating nattokinase into a holistic regimen may promote overall wellness and resilience against diseases like COVID-19.
Consequently, integrating nattokinase with practices such as mindfulness, nutrition, and exercise can foster a more robust immune system. Holistic health recognizes the role of mental well-being and lifestyle choices, positing that they significantly impact recovery outcomes. By prioritizing comprehensive health strategies, individuals may enhance their ability to combat viral infections effectively.
Myths and Misconceptions About Nattokinase
To understand the potential of nattokinase, one must sift through various myths that surround it. Many view nattokinase merely as an anticoagulant without acknowledging its wider implications on health, particularly its promising role in degrading SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. This misconception can lead to undervaluing its therapeutic potential in the fight against COVID-19.
Common Myths Debunked
For those unfamiliar with nattokinase, it is often mistakenly believed to be ineffective against viral infections. In studies, however, nattokinase has demonstrated notable effects on SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein, indicating its active role in inhibiting viral entry into host cells.
Evidence-Based Clarifications
Behind the myths, scientific evidence highlights the capacity of nattokinase to degrade the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, as shown in recent research. This protease’s mechanism has been observed to diminish S protein presence significantly, opening avenues for novel therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.
About current literature, nattokinase’s efficacy is supported by findings that demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent degradation of the spike protein, suggesting a potential application in managing SARS-CoV-2 infections. Its ability to safely interact with the virus provides insight into novel treatment options, particularly given the rise of various SARS-CoV-2 variants that may evade traditional treatments.
Understanding the Science
Any discussion of nattokinase must include its biochemical properties and mechanisms of action. As a serine protease, nattokinase exhibits significant clot-dissolving potency and can influence various physiological processes beyond anticoagulation.
And in viral infections, nattokinase’s structure closely resembles that of subtilisin E, granting it the ability to degrade critical viral proteins effectively. Its stability and activity levels, even after heat treatment, affirm its role as a promising agent in combating infections like COVID-19, emphasizing its determination as a multifaceted element in contemporary health discussions.
Future Research Directions
Despite the promising findings surrounding nattokinase and its effects on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, further studies are crucial to fully understand its therapeutic potential. Ongoing research is needed to explore the optimal dosage, delivery methods, and mechanisms through which nattokinase exerts its anti-viral effects. Such investigations may reveal novel avenues for enhancing antiviral strategies against various strains of the virus.
Gaps in Current Knowledge
Knowledge gaps remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which nattokinase impacts the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its effectiveness against the evolving variants of the virus. Further research is necessary to clarify these biological processes and to establish standardized protocols for clinical application.
Potential Areas for Future Studies
Before researchers can fully leverage nattokinase’s potential, there exist several areas ripe for exploration. Investigating the long-term effects of nattokinase on human health, particularly in populations affected by COVID-19, may yield valuable insights into its therapeutic applications. Additionally, understanding possible synergies between nattokinase and other treatments can enhance its clinical utility.
And exploring combinations of nattokinase with existing antiviral therapies could provide comprehensive treatment strategies against COVID-19 and similar viral infections. Researchers may also focus on the safety profile of prolonged nattokinase use in diverse patient populations, offering critical data to support its application in clinical settings.
Innovations in Nattokinase Applications
Across various health domains, the applications of nattokinase are advancing, particularly in antiviral and thrombolytic therapies. Continued exploration in this field might lead to innovative formulations and delivery mechanisms that substantiate nattokinase’s role in mitigating viral infections.
Consequently, researchers must consider how to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of nattokinase in treating not only COVID-19 but also other viral infections. Development of targeted drug delivery systems or combination therapies that amplify nattokinase’s action could significantly improve patient outcomes and cement its place in modern therapeutic regimens.
Regulatory and Quality Standards
Your health is best safeguarded by choosing nattokinase products that adhere to strict regulatory and quality standards. This ensures they are safe, effective, and manufactured under controlled conditions.
Ensuring Quality in Supplements
Before purchasing nattokinase supplements, consumers should check for certifications from recognized organizations. Products should ideally be third-party tested for potency and purity, confirming that they contain the stated amount of nattokinase and are free from contaminants.
Worldwide Regulations on Nattokinase Products
Standards for nattokinase vary globally, with different countries enforcing specific regulations to ensure consumer safety and supplement efficacy. European and North American markets often require rigorous testing and adherence to guidelines set by health authorities, ensuring that nattokinase products meet quality benchmarks.
Supplements containing nattokinase are subject to varying regulations worldwide, which helps to maintain the quality and efficacy of these products. In the United States, the FDA does not approve dietary supplements before they are marketed, but it enforces regulations that prohibit misleading claims. In contrast, some countries may have more stringent testing requirements, ensuring that nattokinase products are safe for consumer use.
Tips for Consumers
To maximize the benefits of nattokinase, consumers should look for the following:
Third-party testing for quality assurance
Clear labeling of dosage and ingredients
Reputable brands with positive reviews
Certification from health organizations
This approach can help individuals make informed choices regarding their supplement intake.
The effectiveness of nattokinase largely depends on its quality and the credibility of the manufacturer. They should prioritize products that are third-party tested and labeled with precise ingredient lists. Additionally, individuals should be cautious of any supplements that make exaggerated claims regarding their healing powers. Understanding these factors can lead to safe and beneficial consumption of nattokinase products.
FAQ about Nattokinase: Boost Health Against Spike Proteins
Q: What is nattokinase and how does it function?
A: Nattokinase is an enzyme derived from Bacillus subtilis var. natto, a bacterium used in the fermentation of soybeans to produce natto, a traditional Japanese food. This enzyme exhibits fibrinolytic activity, helping to dissolve blood clots by breaking down fibrin. Moreover, recent studies suggest that nattokinase may degrade the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, potentially hindering the virus’s ability to enter human cells.
Q: How does nattokinase affect the S protein of SARS-CoV-2?
A: According to research findings, nattokinase can degrade the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When cell lysates expressed with the S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was found to be degraded over time, indicating that nattokinase may have potential therapeutic effects against COVID-19 by preventing viral entry.
Q: Can nattokinase be consumed safely?
A: Yes, clinical studies have shown that the oral consumption of nattokinase is generally safe and not associated with adverse effects. It is considered an effective and economical enzyme for health benefits, particularly in promoting cardiovascular health through its anticoagulant properties and potential roles in reducing the risk of thromboembolic disorders.
Q: How should nattokinase be taken for maximum benefit?
A: While specific dosage depends on individual health needs and conditions, it is typically taken in supplement form or as part of natto. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for personal recommendations, especially for those on blood-thinning medications or those with underlying health issues, to determine the most suitable dosage and form.
Q: Are there any side effects associated with nattokinase?
A: Most people can tolerate nattokinase well, with minimal side effects. However, potential side effects might include gastrointestinal discomfort or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. It is imperative to monitor any unusual symptoms and consult with a healthcare professional if any adverse reactions occur, especially for individuals with known medical conditions or those taking medications that affect blood clotting.
The aim of anti-craving medications in alcohol use disorder is to prevent relapse or decrease cravings for alcohol. They are typically prescribed for relapse prevention once acute alcohol withdrawal is over and the best evidence favours the co-prescribing of anti-craving medications with behavioural modification therapies.
Naltrexone
Naltrexone is a mu opioid receptor antagonist which blocks the endorphin mediated pleasurable effects of alcohol which reduces the rate of heavy drinking and the craving for alcohol. Naltrexone is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolised in the liver. The side effects include nausea, diarrhoea, fatigue and headaches. Naltrexone is contraindicated in pregnancy, when using opioid analgesia for pain, in opioid dependence and severe hepatic or renal impairment.
When opioid pain relief is required naltrexone must be discontinued 72 hours prior to opioid dosing. The Sinclair method involves taking Naltrexone one hour prior to drinking to decouple pleasurable stimuli with drinking ‘pharmacological extinction’.
The dose is usually 50mg daily (though it can be commenced on 25mg daily for first few days to reduce side effects) and the duration of treatment variable but can extend from 12 weeks to 12 months.
Acamprosate
Acamprosate modulates NMDA receptor transmission and GABA-A transmission and helps decrease the highly glutamatergic states associated with alcohol withdrawal. It isabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract over four hours and has peak concentration 5-7 hours post ingestion and achieves a steady state after 7 days of usage.
Common side effects include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash and reduced libido. It is contraindicated in renal failure and Child Pugh C liver cirrhosis.
The common dose is 2 tablets tds if over 60kg or 2 tablets mane, 1 midi and 1 nocte if less than 60kg.
Disulfiram
Disulfiram irreversibly inhibits aldehydye dehydrogenase which is the enzyme that converts acetaldehyde to acetate and leads to an accumulation of acetaldehyde after drinking alcohol. Acetaldeyde causes an unpleasant reaction and acts as a psychological deterrent to drinking as an ‘aversive therapy’. The inhibition of enzyme activity occurs in 12 hours and lasts more than 5 days.
The symptoms that it invokes includes flushing, headache, palpitations, dyspnoea, hypotension, prostration and ECG changes. Symptom onset can start within 10 minutes, peaks at 20-30 minutes and lasts for 1-2 hours. Patients need to abstain from alcohol one days before taking medication and for one week after cessation of treatment.
Common side effects include drowsiness, tiredness, confusion, headache, neuropathies, gastric upset, garlic taste and optic neuritis. Disulfiram is contraindicated in psychosis, IHD, severe renal or hepatic disease, pregnancy, allergies to compounds in medication and cognitive issues.
Disulfiram also interacts with a lot of medications including metronidazole, isoniazid, phenytoin, benzodiazepines and anticoagulants.
The dose is 100mg daily for 1-2 weeks then 200mg daily for 6 weeks to 6 months though duration of treatment is variable and maximum dosage can be 300mg daily.
Baclofen
Baclofen is a GABA-B receptor antagonist that suppresses alcohol mediated dopamine release. It has limited hepatic metabolism and well tolerated in those with chronic liver disease. It can cause sedation, drowsiness, headache, rash and urinary difficulties. Baclofen needs to be weaned gradually to avoid withdrawal syndrome such as confusion, anxiety, seizures, delusions, hallucinations and delirium.
The dose of baclofen for alcohol use disorder is given three times per day initially at 15-30mg daily (5-10mg tds) and increased to a maximum daily dose of 150mg if required.
Topiramate
Topiramate reduces glutamatergic function and enhance GABA-A receptor activity or modulate impulsivity. Common side effects include sedation, unsteadiness, paraesthesia, headache, dizziness, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment and glaucoma. It is contraindicated in pregnancy.
The dose starts at 25mg bd and can be up to 150mg bd.
Yesterday I attended GPCE at Melbourne.
I had the opportunity of discussing buprenorphine based pharmacotherapy with a bunch of my GP colleagues. One GP came up and took a handful of sweets from the table at which I was sitting and then said to me, “I don’t want druggies at my surgery.” Before I could reply, he walked off. This is what I wanted to say to him.
Most patients with substance use disorder are grateful for the help that I give them. I would challenge anyone to spot the “druggy” sitting in my waiting room. My surgery has a zero tolerance policy towards violence and aggression. In the last twelve months I have “expelled” three people from my surgery for this kind of behaviour.
First was a woman who threatened me with legal action because I refused to agree to stop prescribing her mother diazepam to treat a new diagnosis of serotonin syndrome. Second was a woman who referred to my Vietnamese physiotherapy colleague as a “Monkey” Third was an elderly lady whom I had reported to Vic Roads.
She subsequently failed an occupational driving test and lost her licence. She came back to my clinic and berated me and accused me of deliberately lying on my original referral to Vic roads. She then threatened me with regulatory referrals.
None of these people were druggies.
The patients with substance use disorder that that I look after continue to to sit quietly in my waiting room and continue to express gratitude for the help that I am able to give them.
Just as “No man is an island entire of itself” (John Donne), so too is no prescriber an island.
You’ve decided to start prescribing MATOD. You’ve decided to start prescribing either Suboxone or methadone. Great. Very soon you will develop a following of patients who will become dependent on your prescription, your signature and perhaps most importantly, you. If you get sick or go on holiday, and don’t manage your absence properly, the lives of your patients could be put into turmoil. Furthermore if you work in a group practice your practice colleagues will need to pick up the pieces in your absence.
What if they are not MATOD trained? What if they are “anti-druggies?” Not everyone is as enlightened as you are, not everyone wants to help the most vulnerable people in our society.
Because you cannot operate in isolation, because you cannot prescribe in isolation it behoves you to establish good working relationships with your colleagues so that in the event of any absence, planned for unplanned, then at least some form of agreement can be made in principle regarding the management of your patients.
At the very least any doctor who has access to your patient record can act as your Locum and can theoretically continue a pharmacotherapy prescription – even without training. Of course Ideally, any Locum you engage or any other doctor in your practice who is prepared to manage your patients when you are away, should be trained in pharmacotherapy.
So just as you have a duty to engage with your colleagues in order to arrange Locum cover, so too should your colleagues acknowledge your expertise skills and attitudes to your patients. I have heard too often stories of GPs who have undergone special training to prescribe pharmacotherapy, who have gone back to their surgeries and told everyone the good news that they want to engage in this line of work, only to be told by the “Senior Partner” or the practice manager, that the surgery doesn’t do drug addicts.
Please, I urge all surgeries and colleagues to facilitate and encourage any doctor who wants to prescribe pharmacotherapy. By nurturing this skill, your surgery will be better able to meet the combined challenges of prescription opioid dependence and real time prescription monitoring.
Whether you like it or not the tide is coming in, these issues will affect us all, and it is better to have a pharmacotherapy prescriber on your team: imagine having to cope with these challenges without such talent batting on your team.
The above mathematical formula can be translated as follows.
Patients suffering from chronic non-cancer pain who are on doses of opioid analgesics that exceed the equivalent of morphine 100 mg daily are potentially seven times more likely to die than those not taking opioids to manage their pain.
What is OME?
OME is the oral morphine equivalent: it is an estimate of the potency of the opioid as compared to morphine. For example, oxycodone at a dose of about 60 mg daily is equivalent to morphine 100 mg daily.
What is 7*ROD?
This means seven times higher risk of death.
This is a wake-up call to us all. As doctors we can no longer simply escalate the dose of opioids for our patients who suffer from chronic pain: we cannot chase the pain with opioids as we may have done in the past. We have to focus on patient safety and, in the first instance we need to act to minimise this risk of death. Secondly, we must be cognisant of the other risks associated with long term opioid therapy including the endocrine side effects of adrenal suppression and sexual dysfunction. Not many of our male patients are aware that opioids can cause erectile dysfunction, loss of libido and infertility.
Opioid weaning is now recommended for patients who are on doses of opioids that exceed the 100 mg morphine equivalent per day. The recommended rates vary but are around the 10 percent per week mark. Opioid weans are fraught with angst, especially in those patients that suffer from depression, present with high pain scores, or are already on very high doses of opioids. Nonetheless we cannot ignore the brutal reality of the situation. These are the very patients we should be weaning off opioids for one very important reason: their elevated risk of death
I have just started using SafeScript. This is the Victorian Department of Health’s response to the current prescription opioid crisis.
I think it is fabulous. Even though it is not yet mandatory in my area, I am nonetheless able to access the service online. It has thrown up some interesting challenges.
For instance I have a female patient with a relatively new diagnosis of seronegative arthritis. She is embarking upon her journey into biological therapies. She also loves her endone. I have been a bit uneasy in dishing it out, but I have rationalised that she has a proven arthritis syndrome, she is already under the care of pain specialists who have recommended clonidine which she takes. So what the harm?
That is until now. I have just seen her SafeScript record. We have all been doing it, my other colleagues and I. We have all been feeling sorry for her and we have all been giving her endone scripts. It has mounted up.
Thanks to SafeScript I can now see that she is getting the equivalent of 50 mg daily of endone. The information was there all along had I chosen to look carefully at it, however now with SafeScript it has been presented to me in an easily digestible format with red alarms all over it. I now have to do something about it.
I have a difficult conversation ahead of me, but at least I now know the facts.
She breezed in saying those words I dread, “I just need a script”.
I had never seen her before.
I looked at her prescription record. She was on mirtazapine 15 mg nocte and sertraline 100 mg mane. That’s ok, I thought. Then I saw the Panadeine Forte.
So I printed off the antidepressants and smiled sweetly at her.
“Is everything going well?”
“yes, she said, apart from my dental pain. I have just been told I need dental surgery, and the waiting list is nine months. So I need my Panadeine Forte as well.”
My heart sank.
“It’s the only thing that works for me, I have tried everything else, and Dr… always gives me some.”
“Have you tried anti-inflammatories in combination with regular Panadol?”
“Yes, of course, I have. Nothing else works for my pain except Panadeine Forte, I have tried Nurofen, and that upsets my tummy.”
What started as a “quick script” consult turned into a twenty-minute discussion during which I told her the following.
The efficacy of codeine is dependent on its conversion to morphine.
The RACGP does not recommend the use of codeine for non-traumatic dental pain.
Opioids, including codeine, have no evidence of benefit beyond three months.
Opioids, including codeine, have plenty of evidence of harms in the long term, including dependency.
Her history of depression and her personal circumstances were risk factors for aberrant behaviour and ware relative contra-indications to long-term opioid use.
If an upset stomach was the only thing preventing her from using anti-inflammatories, then concomitant use of Nexium would protect her stomach and facilitate the use of an NSAID.
I ended the consultation by suggesting that she might benefit from a powerful NSAID. I suggested meloxicam; I told her that the vet had given my dog meloxicam for her post-operative hysterectomy pain. It had worked for Millicent; perhaps it might work for chronic dental pain in humans.
She left clutching her scripts for antidepressants and a new script for meloxicam 15 mg daily and Nexium 20 mg daily.
I wonder if she will see Dr… soon for a refill of her Panadeine Forte. It will be interesting to see what will happen when Safescript becomes mandatory in my area.
A new study finds people who consume two servings of fruit per day have 36 percent lower odds of developing type 2 diabetes than those who consume less than half a serving. The research was published in the Endocrine Society’s Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Diabetes is a disease where people have too much sugar in their bloodstream, and it is a huge public health burden. Approximately 463 million adults worldwide were living with diabetes in 2019, and by 2045 this number is expected to rise to 700 million. An estimated 374 million people are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease. A healthy diet and lifestyle can play a major role in lowering a person’s diabetes risk.
“We found people who consumed around 2 servings of fruit per day had a 36 percent lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes over the next five years than those who consumed less than half a serving of fruit per day,” said study author Nicola Bondonno, Ph.D., of Edith Cowan University’s Institute for Nutrition Research in Perth, Australia. “We did not see the same patterns for fruit juice. These findings indicate that a healthy diet and lifestyle which includes the consumption of whole fruits is a great strategy to lower your diabetes risk.”
The researchers studied data from 7,675 participants from the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute’s Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study who provided information on their fruit and fruit juice intake through a food frequency questionnaire. They found participants who ate more whole fruits had 36 percent lower odds of having diabetes at five years. The researchers found an association between fruit intake and markers of insulin sensitivity, meaning that people who consumed more fruit had to produce less insulin to lower their blood glucose levels.
“This is important because high levels of circulating insulin (hyperinsulinemia) can damage blood vessels and are related not only to diabetes, but also to high blood pressure, obesity and heart disease,” Bondonno said.
Reference: Bondonno NP, Davey RJ, Murray K, et al. Associations between fruit intake and risk of diabetes in the AusDiab cohort. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021;(dgab335). doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab335
This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
Binge eating disorder was a diagnosis formulated in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM5) and represents a step forward towards the formal recognition of food addiction. This term itself is now rendered problematic by DSM5’s change from the term addiction to the term substance use disorder.
The advent of DSM5 has heralded a re-evaluation of the diagnosis of food addiction. The following criteria for food addiction have been proposed as modifications of the current DSM5 criteria for substance use disorder
1. Food often consumed in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
2. Persistent desire of unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control food intake
3. Great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain or overeat on foods or recover from its effects
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to eat specific foods
5. Recurrent overeating resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
6. Continued overeating despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems causes or exacerbated by the effects of specific foods
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of overeating on foods
8. Recurrent overeating in situations in which it is physically hazardous
9. Overeating is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by overeating on foods
10. Tolerance defined as a need for markedly increased amounts of food to achieve desired effect or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of food
11. Withdrawal defined as a withdrawal syndrome when refraining from eating specific foods or when specific foods are eaten to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
The diagnosis of food addiction according to the above would require the presence of at least two symptoms, however, one of the criticisms of this rubric is the potential for overdiagnosis of food addiction, especially when one considers that non-obese patients who struggle with the cycle of overeating and dieting may endorse at least two criteria.
The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2 (YFAS2) has been developed as a tool for the diagnosis of food addiction. It has thirty-five questions which are based on the current eleven substance use disorder criteria described by DSM5.
Obesity, food addiction and binge eating disorders can be seen to be closely related, but nonetheless distinct clinical entities each with their own diagnostic criteria.
Obesity is diagnosed when the body mass index is more than 30 kg/m2. Binge eating disorder is diagnosed when binges (consumption of large amounts of food in a limited time frame such as two hours) occur at least weekly for the last three months and where these binges are associated with a loss of control of eating and significant distress to the patient.
Using the YFAS2 the prevalence of food addiction in those with obesity ranges from 20-50%, in those with anorexia nervosa, 70% in those with anorexia nervosa, 80% in those with binge eating disorder and 95% in those with bulimia nervosa.
Therefore, the management of both obesity and binge eating disorder can be approached from the perspective of addiction treatment. Such paradigms already exist, e.g., “Food Addicts In Recovery Anonymous”. Whilst medication can play a role in the management of these conditions it is important to understand, identify and manage the underlying psychological issues that predispose to and perpetuate these food related behaviours. Failure to do so results in an ongoing cycle of emotionally driven overeating and self-loathing.
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